indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
club; fraternity; sorority; clubhouse
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be caught; to be arrested; to hold on to; to grasp; to find (e.g. proof); to get (e.g. a taxi)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
all; everything; entirety; absolutely (not); (not) at all; (none) whatsoever
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
plot; scheme; trick; design; intrigue; artifice
by means of; due to; because of; according to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
tanuki (Nyctereutes procyonoides); raccoon dog; sly dog; sly old fox; sly fox
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
saucepan; pot; stew; hot pot
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
et cetera; etc.; and the like; and so forth
tengu; long-nosed goblin; bragging; conceit; braggart
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
it's not like; it isn't as if
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this world; this life; world of the living
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
truth; reality; truly; really; absolute truth
he; she; that person; that; that one; that thing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
duck; easy mark; sucker; sitting duck
family; relatives; dependents; household
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
shh!; sh!; shush!; shoo!; go away!
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
Emperor Kammu; Kammu Tenno (737-806 CE, reigning: 781-806 CE)
passing on to the next life; death; giving up a struggle; submission; being at one's wits' end; being flummoxed
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)