inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); feline; shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom (submissive partner of a homosexual relationship)
Kshitigarbha (bodhisattva who looks over children, travellers and the underworld); Ksitigarbha; Jizō
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to curse; to put a curse on; to detest intensely
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
gear; speed (e.g. 4-speed transmission)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
curse; spell; malediction
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leak out (of a secret); to come out; to be exposed (of a lie, improper behaviour, etc.); to get away (of a fish)
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to notice; to realize; to realise; to regain consciousness; to come to (one's senses); to come round
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
master (of a house, shop, etc.); husband; sir; boss; patron of a mistress, geisha, bar or nightclub hostess; sugar daddy
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
disaster; calamity; misfortune; trouble; woes
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to fall (on); to rain down; to shower down; to befall; to happen (to)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds light emphasis or insistence to a statement; gives a statement a threatening or condescending tone
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
to have a talk; to tell a story
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
opening (a new store, golf course, runway, etc.); open; frank; open (car, collar, tournament, etc.)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
bread; (sweet) pastry; staff of life; one's bread
to buy; to purchase; to value (highly); to think highly of; to incur (someone's anger, displeasure, etc.); to elicit (e.g. sneers)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Formosan sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
the other day; previously; last time; last (Sunday, summer, etc.); previous (e.g. mayor, chapter)