indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
(husked grains of) rice; staple (product, etc.); necessity
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in that way; thus; so; so?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?