indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
bottom of the ocean; seafloor; seabed; undersea; submarine
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to make sound (of an animal); to call; to cry; to make a meld call (e.g. pung, kong)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
tenpai; fishing (i.e. needing one more tile for completion)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
continuation; succession; series
bureau; department; office (e.g. post, telephone); broadcasting station (e.g. television, radio); affair; situation
drawing a tile from the wall; win with a self-drawn tile; winning off a self-drawn tile while completely concealed (meld); winning off a self-drawn tile without having called any tiles
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
with a slap; with a pop; without batting an eyelid; generously; cutesy suffix applied to names
clothes; garment; gown; robe; coating (e.g. glaze, batter, icing)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
The End; Finis; completion; conclusion; providing fully