indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
surgery; operation; procedure; skill with one's hands; sleight of hand
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
medicine; pharmaceuticals; efficacious chemical (gunpowder, pesticide, etc.); (pottery) glaze; (illegal) drug; narcotic
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
living thing; organism; creature; biology
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...