indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
squad leader; group leader; team leader
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
usually; ordinarily; always; continuous; 24-hour (operation, care, etc.); constant
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
so; like this; in this way
these guys; these fellows
lightning; thunder; god of thunder; god of lightning; anger; fit of anger
group; party; team; squad; section
3 o'clock; afternoon snack (eaten around 3 o'clock); three ages of Buddhism (following the death of Gautama Buddha; age of the true law, age of the copied law, and age of the degeneration of the law); three ages of the dharma