indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
educational institution; school; academy; campus
the way there; outbound leg; bound for ...; outbound ticket
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
fat; thick; deep (of a voice); thick; daring; shameless
round; circular; curved; smooth; harmonious; calm
nth son; lang; official title in ancient China; (arch.) man; (arch.) young man; (arch.) my husband
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?