height of; middle of; full bloom
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
rising (smoke, clouds, etc.); rolling up; billowing up
cumulonimbus; gigantic columns of clouds (in summer); thunderhead
heat; hot air; enthusiasm; excitement; fever
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go through; to pierce; to run through (e.g. a river through a city); to pass through; to stick to (opinion, principles, etc.); to carry out
robust cicada (Oncotympana maculaticollis); mingming cicada
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
that's good; that's nice; like (on social media); is that clear?; OK?
apple (fruit); apple tree (Malus pumila)
suffix for familiar person
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to suit; to match; to become; to be like
(cute) suffix for familiar person; cute adjective form
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
the same night; that night
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
what; so-and-so; such and such; what?; wait; well, well
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
(another's) daughter; young lady (of pampered upbringing); woman who has never known hardship; naive woman
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
wife; your wife; his wife; married lady; madam
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
denotes uncertainty; such things as A and B; A and B and so on; A and B and the like
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?