indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
blue; azure; green; pale; gray; unripe
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
to lose; to miss (a change, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
adds force or indicates command