here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
lovely; wonderful; nice; great; fantastic; superb
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how; in what way; how about
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
(one's) older brother; young man; sonny; lad
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
some time ago; recently; lately; last (Sunday, etc.); previous
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
great; excellent; very troublesome; awful; tiring; tough
(apparently) that's what it's like, isn't it
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
judgement; judgment; refereeing; umpiring; referee; umpire
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling