indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
slip; omission; upshot; denouement; punch line (of a joke)
to get irritated; to get annoyed; to be on the edge; to fret; to lose patience
meaning; significance; sense
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
meow; miaow; cat; sexual intercourse; making out
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
ogre; demon; spirit of a deceased person; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.); it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.); very
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
exactly; surely; right then; just then; just (about to); on the verge (of doing or happening)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to attack; to assail; to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.); to make a sudden visit
epidemic; plague; pestilence
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
incident; affair; happening; event
my goodness!; oh my!; oh dear!
just a minute; small quantity
thorn; spine; splinter (esp. lodged in one's flesh); hard sharp item (esp. lodged in one's throat, e.g. fish bone); biting words
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
manner of speaking; verbal argument; objection; protesting a decision (esp. that of a sumo referee); rumor; rumour
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
measure; step; countermeasure; counterplan; countermove; strategy
valid; effective; yuko (judo)
induction; inductive reasoning
mode of life; ecology; (animal) territory
stability; steadiness; equilibrium
to face; to go towards; to head towards
where; which; anyway; anyhow; sooner or later; eventually
twelve o'clock; noon; midnight
bell (often a large hanging bell); chime
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
to be solved; to be resolved; to loosen; to come untied; to be removed (of restrictions); to be lifted (e.g. a ban)
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")