indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
government service; the bureaucracy
execution; carrying out; performance; lead monk performing various tasks in a temple
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
monitoring; watching; observation; surveillance; guarding; supervision
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
offender; criminal; culprit
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
please (give me); please (do for me)
target; object (of worship, study, etc.); subject (of taxation, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
bomb; alcohol with liquor added (esp. wine-based shōchū highball, also beer with whiskey)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
society; public; community; social studies
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
babysitting; babysitter; protecting; keeping; keeper
hue; color phase; colour phase
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
by means of; due to; because of; according to
right; correct; proper; righteous; just
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
clear; clearing (a bar, hurdle, etc.); overcoming; getting through; clearing (the ball); clearing (e.g. a checked box)
(suffer) deterioration; growing worse; aggravation; degeneration; corruption
public safety; public welfare
coefficient; factor; proportional constant