indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
nine; team; players on a team; no
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
plan; project; schedule; scheme; program; programme
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
how; in what way; how about
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
two persons; two people; pair; couple
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field