indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to tattle; to tell on; to inform a superior of someone's actions
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
perhaps; likely; probably; I dare say
these guys; these fellows
seriousness; earnestness; truth; sanctity
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to challenge (a person) to a fight
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
consent; assent; agreement; understanding; comprehension; grasp
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning
document; writing; letter; document addressed to someone
lesson; section (in an organization); division; counter for lessons and chapters (of a book)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
middle-aged man; Buddhist priest
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
(one's) superior; (one's) boss; the higher-ups
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
funny; amusing; strange; odd; improper; unsuitable
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
particle indicating that the speaker is trying to recall some information
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
search (esp. in criminal investigations); investigation; inquiry; enquiry