indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
reasoning; inference; deduction; mystery or detective genre
in accordance with; following; roughly; about; Street; Avenue
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
festival; feast; harassment by an Internet pitchfork mob; online shaming; galore (as in "goals galore"); frenzy
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
senior high school; high school
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
compensation; indemnification; reparation; consideration
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to consist of; to be made up of; to be concluded (e.g. of an agreement); to hold true (e.g. of a theory); to be viable (of a business, lifestyle, etc.); to carry on
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be surprised; to be astonished
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to try and do something; to attempt to do something
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
entry to school or university; matriculation; enrolment (in university, etc.) (enrollment)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
trouble; bother; trouble; difficulty; care; attention
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
consequence; outcome; result; blame
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding