period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
union; alliance; combination; RENGO (Japanese Trade Union Confederation)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
remnants; survivors; refugees; pocket (of resistance)
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
the south; southward; southern direction; countries in the south (esp. Southeast Asia and the pre-WWII South Pacific Mandate)
to miss (capturing); to fail to catch; to let slip
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
supremacy (over a nation); hegemony; domination; championship; victory
establishment; settlement
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
biggest; greatest; largest; maximum
area; domain; territory; field; range; region
domination; rule; direction; management; control (e.g. over one's emotions); determining (e.g. one's fate)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in spite of; nevertheless; although; despite; no matter the; regardless of
indeed; really; absolutely; truly; actually; very
cruel; brutal; ruthless; merciless; inhuman
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
bog; marsh; swamp; quandary; dire situation from which one cannot extricate oneself; imbroglio
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
to force; to compel; to coerce; to press; to impose
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then