indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
haze (esp. in spring); mist; dimness (of sight)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
hill; height; knoll; bonus points awarded to the winner at the end of a game
counter for the ichi-ni-san counting system (usu. directly preceding the item being counted); noun read using its on-yomi; counter for articles; indicates possessive (esp. in place names)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
autograph; signature; sign; signal; indication
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
feather; plume; wing; shuttlecock (in badminton)
poem; poetry; verse; Chinese poem
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?