indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
stage (theatre, theater); scene or setting (e.g. of novel, play, etc.)
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
two persons; two people; pair; couple
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
suffix for familiar person
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
glitter; glimmer; sparkle; twinkle
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
(some) more; even more; longer; further
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to glitter; to glisten; to sparkle; to twinkle; to glare; to gleam
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's