indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
stage (theatre, theater); scene or setting (e.g. of novel, play, etc.)
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
suffix for familiar person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
eternity; perpetuity; permanence; immortality
glitter; glimmer; sparkle; twinkle
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
two persons; two people; pair; couple
to pick; to pluck; to snip; to cut; to nip
Star Festival (held in July or August); Tanabata
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
knob; handle; snack (to have with a drink); side dish; a pinch (e.g. of salt); (file) handle
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
honorific/polite/humble prefix
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
to seize; to catch; to obtain; to acquire; to understand; to grasp
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate