indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
suffix for familiar person
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
in that way; thus; so; so?
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
adds force or indicates command
educational institution; school; academy; campus
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
decisive battle; deciding match; play-off
fifth month of the lunar calendar; satsuki azalea (Rhododendron indicum)
myself; yourself; I; me; you
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
character (esp. kanji); letter; handwriting; penmanship; the ... word (e.g. "the L word" = "love")