indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
fifth month of the lunar calendar; satsuki azalea (Rhododendron indicum)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
educational institution; school; academy; campus
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
adds force or indicates command
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
suffix for familiar person
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
pupil; student; schoolchild
learning; scholarship; study; study of ...; -ology; -ics
pile; heap; counter for things that are stacked, piled up (or layered, etc.); layers of clothing worn under one's overcoat; combination of colors created by layering of garments (colours)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder