indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
in that way; thus; so; so?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
adds force or indicates command
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
war; battle; match; game; competition
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
fifth month of the lunar calendar; satsuki azalea (Rhododendron indicum)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
(some) more; even more; longer; further
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah