yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
kotatsu; table over an electric heater, with a hanging quilt to retain heat (orig. over a charcoal brazier in a floor well)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
study; diligence; working hard; experience; knowledge; discount
sleepy; drowsy; somnolent
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
(common) cold; influenza; flu; ague; inflammatory respiratory system illness (in general)
to pull; to tug; to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest); to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
creeping (of an insect, etc.); crawling; restlessly; fidgeting; hesitantly; slowly
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
while; during; while; although; all; both
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to bark; to howl; to howl (of the wind); to roar (of the sea); to yell; to shout
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
suffix for familiar person
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
as you see; as you can see; in accordance with what you see
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
he; she; this; this one; hey, you!; you bastard!
seriousness; earnestness; truth; sanctity
white goods; large household electrical appliances; whiteware
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
wanting (to have); desiring; wishing for; I want (you, them, etc.) to (do)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
thank you; thanks; much (thanks); very (sorry); quite; really; somehow
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?