yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
kotatsu; table over an electric heater (orig. a charcoal brazier in a floor well) with a hanging quilt that retains heat
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
study; diligence; discount; reduction
sleepy; drowsy; somnolent
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
(common) cold; influenza; flu; ague; inflammatory respiratory system illness (in general)
to pull; to tug; to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest); to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
adds force or indicates command
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
creeping about; stirring restlessly; squirming
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
while; during; while; although; all; both
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to bark; to howl; to howl (e.g. of the wind); to roar; to yell; to cry
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
suffix for familiar person
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
as you see; as you can see
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
seriousness; earnestness; truth; sanctity
white goods; large household electrical appliances
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
thank you; thanks; much (thanks); very (sorry); quite; really; somehow
in that way; thus; so; so?