the other day; lately; recently; meanwhile; in the meantime
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
mum; mom; mummy; the missus
that's the way it is; such is life
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
this and that; this or that; one thing or another; this way and that
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
taking an examination (esp. school and university entrance)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
loudly (wailing, making a noise, etc.)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
suffix for familiar person
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
rest; recess; vacation; holiday; dormancy (of a silkworm prior to moulting)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
as (for); for; in the capacity of