indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
the way there; outbound leg; bound for ...; outbound ticket
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
to fish; to angle; to catch; to lure in; to tempt; to attract
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
fishing; angling; change (for a purchase); clickbaiting; trolling; writing deliberately inflammatory posts online
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...