yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(sound of a) gunshot; (gun) report
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
offender; criminal; culprit
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
shouts used when viewing fireworks (from names of Edo-period fireworks vendors)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
bang; bam; noontime signal gun (carried out early Meiji to Taishō); noon gun; last round in a game of 12 rounds; precisely
challenge; defiance; dare; attempt; try
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to get drunk; to become intoxicated; to feel sick (e.g. in a vehicle); to become nauseated; to be elated; to be exalted
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
danger; peril; hazard; risk
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey