indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to joke; to jest; to make fun of; to laugh at; to romp; to gambol
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
one's own convenience; one's way; surroundings; environment; convenience; ease of use; financial circumstances
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to take out; to carry out; to bring out from where it belongs; to mention something; to broach a topic; to bring up (a subject)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
by all means; at any cost; whether (one is) willing or not; willingly or unwillingly; on no account; by no means
police officer; policeman; constable
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
goddamn idiot; moron; nitwit
salaried; with pay; vacation; (paid) holiday
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
to be absent; to take a day off; to rest; to have a break; to go to bed; to (lie down to) sleep
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
well; properly; best regards; please remember me; just like ...; as though one were ...
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to pile up; to heap up; to stack up; to repeat many times over; to go through repeatedly; to accumulate
hot (thing); passionate (feelings, etc.); ardent; hot (e.g. temper); zealous; enthusiastic; intense
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
together; at the same time; same; identical
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
to leave alone; to leave as is; to ignore; to neglect
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now