indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
mom; mommy; mum; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
to be surprised; to be taken aback; to be amazed; to be frightened; to be startled; to be alarmed
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to be seen; to be visible; to look; to seem; to come
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
now; the present time; just now; another; more
heart; mind; bottom of one's heart; core (of one's character); centre; center; heart (organ)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to return; to come home; to leave (of a guest, customer, etc.); to get home; to get to home plate
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to show up; to appear; to turn up
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young woman; young (animal); offshoot
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
continuously; the whole time; much (more); (by) far; far (away); long (ago, before, after)
to watch over; to keep watch over; to keep an eye on; to watch intently; to stare; to gaze
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
myself; yourself; I; me; you
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial