indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
to be surprised; to be astonished
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
now; the present time; just now; another; more
heart; mind; bottom of one's heart; core (of one's character); centre; center; heart (organ)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
in that way; thus; so; so?
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to show up; to appear; to turn up
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to watch over; to watch attentively
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
myself; yourself; I; me; you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial