indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
designation; specification; assignment; appointment; pointing at
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
unusual; rare; new; novel; fine (e.g. gift)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
cat's-eye (semiprecious stone); cat's-eye (light-reflecting road stud)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
(some) more; even more; longer; further
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indication; sign; hint; tone (of the market)
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
Eh?; What?; Come on!; Damn!
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
knowing; (an) acquaintance
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...