indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
two persons; two people; pair; couple
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
home town; birthplace; native place; (arch.) ruins; (arch.) historic remains
floating weed; greater duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza); precarious; unstable
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself