indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
disorder; confusion; violence; outrage; riot
enjoyment; pleasure; amusement; anticipation; looking forward to; something to look forward to
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
garden; orchard; park; place; world; environment
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
ordinary; common; free of charge; free; unaffected; as is
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to gather; to collect; to assemble
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
of course; certainly; naturally
which (of three or more); well; now; c'mon
(another's) daughter; young lady (of pampered upbringing); woman who has never known hardship; naive woman
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")