indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
together; at the same time; same; identical
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
hardly any; almost nonexistent; very little
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
club activities; extracurricular activities
message; informative matter
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
without; unacceptable; not alright; unsatisfactory
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
iron (Fe); strong and hard (as iron); railway; railway enthusiast
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
it is, isn't it?; I know, right?; innit?
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point