source of river; fountainhead
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to have a go; to try and do (something); to take a chance with something
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
teacher; master; religious leader; specialist; (arch.) five-battalion brigade comprising 2500 men (Zhou-dynasty Chinese army)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
charm; incantation; spell; curse
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
perhaps; likely; probably; I dare say
anyone; anybody; everyone; everybody; whoever
to peek (through a keyhole, gap, etc.); to look down into (a ravine, etc.); to peek into (a shop, bookstore, etc.); to sneak a look at; to take a quick look at; to peep (through a telescope, microscope, etc.); to stick out (a scarf from a collar, etc.)
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
to grant; to give; to confer; to teach; to instruct; to impart (knowledge)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
even if; no matter (what); if; though; although; supposing