indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to talk about; to speak of; to recite; to chant; to indicate; to show
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
when one was a very young child; very early in one's life
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
prognosis; recuperation; convalescence
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to differ (from); to be different; to be wrong; to be incorrect; to become abnormal; to go wrong
abundant; plentiful; rich; wealthy; open (mind); relaxed
ripening (of a crop); crop; harvest
to bring (news, knowledge, etc.); to introduce; to bring about; to cause; to produce (e.g. results)
fields (of rice and other crops)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
steep mountain; craggy mountain
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
full of (e.g. mistakes); riddled with; covered all over with (blood, mud, etc.)
people; men and women; each person; everybody
to become thin; to lose weight; to slim; to become impoverished (of soil); to become sterile; to become infertile
plot of land; lot; soil; locality; region; place
to till; to plow; to plough; to cultivate
a little; a few; small; only; just; merely
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
tuber; taro; yokel; bumpkin; dud; worthless thing
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to make a living; to earn a livelihood; to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be born and raised (in); to be born and brought up; to be born and bred
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
father; father (e.g. of a discipline); pioneer (e.g. of field of research); God; Father
furnished with; including; attached to; impression; appearance; luck; sociality