indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to talk about; to speak of; to recite; to chant; to indicate; to show
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
when one was a very young child; very early in one's life
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
prognosis; aftereffects; recuperation; convalescence
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
abundant; plentiful; rich; wealthy; open (mind); relaxed
ripening (of a crop); crop; harvest
to bring; to take; to bring about
fields (of rice and other crops)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
steep mountain; craggy mountain
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
rock; boulder; crag; cliff; anchor
full of (e.g. mistakes); riddled with; covered all over with (blood, mud, etc.)
area; zone; (lit.) belt (of land)
people; men and women; each person; everybody
to become thin; to lose weight; to reduce (one's) weight; to be barren; to be infertile; to be sterile
plot of land; lot; soil; locality; region; place
to till; to plow; to plough; to cultivate
(a) little; (a) few; slight; only; just; merely
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
tuber; taro; yokel; bumpkin; dud; worthless thing
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be born and raised (in); to be born and brought up; to be born and bred
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
furnished with; including; attached to; impression; appearance; luck; sociality
(medical) doctor; physician
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then