indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
heavy rain; torrential rainfall; downpour
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
Asian mist (illegal maneuver); (arch.) evil fog
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
again; once more; a second time
valley floor; bottom of a gorge; bottom of a ravine
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to satisfy (conditions, one's appetite, etc.); to meet (e.g. demands); to fulfill; to fill (e.g. a cup); to pack; to supply
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
Your Highness; His Highness; Her Highness
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
proof; evidence; sign; witnessing; testifying; testimony
certainly; surely; definitely
to take home; to carry home; to bring back home; to take out (e.g. food)
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
fact; truth; reality; in fact; actually
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to let leak; to let out (e.g. light); to let out (a secret); to leak (information); to give utterance to (e.g. one's dissatisfaction); to vent; to wet one's pants
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
proper; appropriate; due; suitable
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
to give (an example); to list; to summon up (e.g. all of one's energy); to gather; to arrest (a criminal); to capture; to nominate (e.g. for a position)
to mourn for; to grieve for; to condole with (the bereaved family, etc.); to hold a memorial service for; to hold a funeral service for
until then; till then; to that extent; the end of it; all there is to it
patience; endurance; perseverance
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
emperor (of Japan); mikado
to be (animate); to be; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed; to (have the audacity to) do
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
people; men and women; each person; everybody
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be broken into pieces; to be in a jumble; to be in disarray; to be thrown into turmoil