indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
subhuman; demi-human; Argentinian (person); (arch.) American (person)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
adds force or indicates command
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
serious; not joking; straight
now; the present time; just now; another; more
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant