indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
crowd of people; great number of people; in great numbers
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
adds force or indicates command
pasturing; letting (an animal) run loose; letting (someone) do as they please; leaving (something) to take its own course; letting (an issue) go unchecked
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
understanding; comprehension; appreciation; sympathy
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
another person; other people; unrelated person (i.e. not related by blood); outsider; stranger
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
(as for (that)) thing; (given (that)) thing; matter; (it is a ...) thing; matter; fact
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
tenth day of the month; ten days
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
3 o'clock; afternoon snack (eaten around 3 o'clock); three ages of Buddhism (following the death of Gautama Buddha; age of the true law, age of the copied law, and age of the degeneration of the law); three ages of the dharma
medicine manufacture; drug manufacture
head office; main office; main shrine; this company; this shrine
multi-floor building; multi-storey building; bill
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
advance notice; previous note; preliminary announcement; trailer (film, TV); preview
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
time; hour; period; class
(a) little; (a) few; slight; only; just; merely
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
please (give me); please (do for me)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)