idea; plan; draft; rough copy; expectation; (arch.) desk
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
again; once more; a second time
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
trouble; difficulties; dispute; confusion; disorder; mess
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
inner thoughts; real intention; at heart; deep down; inner center (centre)
to be anxious or concerned about; to ponder (anxiously); to fear; to investigate; to consider; to plan
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
model or exemplary student
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
everything; anything; nothing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
where ... is concerned; when it becomes; if it becomes
intently; single-mindedly; devotedly; solely; earnestly; with all one's heart
study; diligence; discount; reduction
all one's power (strength, energy, efforts); one's utmost
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pour (into); to sprinkle on (from above); to water (e.g. plants); to shed (tears); to concentrate one's energy (strength, attention, etc.) on; to devote to; to flow into (e.g. of a river)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
wonderful; marvelous; strange; strangely enough; oddly enough; for some reason
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...
December; twelfth month of the lunar calendar
end of term; end of semester
together; jointly; at the same time; with; both
honor student; honours student; model student; prize pupil
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
academic year; school year; year in school; grade in school