indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
idea; plan; draft; rough copy; expectation; (arch.) desk
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that child; that kid; that boy; (arch.) you
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in that way; thus; so; so?
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot