indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
chance; opportunity; machine; aircraft; counter for aircraft; counter for (remaining) lives
flying object (rocket, missile, etc.); projectile
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
rushing into; breaking into; storming; plunging into (war, etc.); embarking on (a new venture)
substance; real form; main part; main unit; this machine; this appliance; object of worship (at a shrine, temple, etc.)
elephant hawk moth (Deilephila elpenor)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
child (esp. a boy); viscount; founder of a school of thought (esp. Confucius); master; masters and philosophers (categorization of Chinese classical literature); (arch.) you; -er (i.e. man who spends all his time doing...)
pish; pooh; I see; oh; indeed
impact (of a projectile); landing (of a bullet); striking
strange; unconventional; eccentric; odd; odd number
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
to be in time (for); to serve (suit, meet) the purpose; to be good enough; to be enough
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
all; whole; entire; complete (set); in total