indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
child (esp. a boy); viscount; founder of a school of thought (esp. Confucius); master; masters and philosophers (categorization of Chinese classical literature); (arch.) you; -er (i.e. man who spends all his time doing...)
strange; unconventional; eccentric; odd; odd number
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
chance; opportunity; machine; aircraft; counter for aircraft; counter for (remaining) lives
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
substance; real form; main part; main unit; this machine; this appliance; object of worship (at a shrine, temple, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
propulsion; drive; promotion (of a policy, project, movement, etc.); furtherance; advancement
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
gun; cannon; artillery; ordnance
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
acceleration; speeding up
guidance; leading; induction; introduction; incitement; inducement
flying object (rocket, missile, etc.); projectile
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
goal; target; aim; mark; sign; landmark
opposite; opposition; versus; vs.; to (e.g. "winning a game five to three"); equal footing
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
orbit; trajectory; railroad track; (right) track; proper course
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
adds force or indicates command
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
all; whole; entire; complete (set); in total