leading group (of runners in a marathon, etc.); leading pack
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
learning; scholarship; study; study of ...; -ology; -ics
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
column; beam; girder; digit; decade; order of magnitude
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
advantageous; favourable; better; profitable; lucrative; gainful
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
king; monarch; ruler; champion
root (of a plant); root (of a tooth, hair, etc.); center (of a pimple, etc.); root (of all evil, etc.); source; one's true nature
educational institution; school; academy; campus
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
second day of the month; two days
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
goal; basket (basketball); finishing line; Gaul
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
kilo-; 1000; kilogram; kilogramme; kilometre; kilometer
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to catch up (with); to draw level; to pull even; to be compensated; to make up for one's losses
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
top; top position; senior management; senior bureaucrat
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pull; to draw; to string (lines); to run (cable); to pull towards oneself (e.g. someone's sleeve); to drag; to haul
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
opening (of uncultivated land)