indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
whole; all; general; gross; entire; overall
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to separate; to part; to divide; to keep apart
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to catch up (with); to draw level; to pull even; to be compensated; to make up for one's losses
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
ascent; climbing; ascending (path); upbound (esp. toward Tokyo)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to pull out; to draw out; to omit; to leave out; to do to the end; to carry through; to let out (e.g. air from a tyre)
then; and then; and; if so; because then; if that's the case
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
to pile up; to stack; to load (car, ship, etc.); to pack; to acquire; to accumulate
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
now; the present time; just now; another; more
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...