indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
whole; total; gross; entire; overall; general (election, manager, etc.)
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
nothing but; except; no more than
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to separate; to part; to divide; to keep apart
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to catch up (with); to draw level; to pull even; to be compensated; to make up for one's losses
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
state of affairs; situation; conditions; circumstances
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
ascent; climbing; ascending (path); upbound (esp. toward Tokyo)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to pull out; to draw out; to omit; to leave out; to do to the end; to do thoroughly; to let out (e.g. air from a tyre)
then; and (then); in that case; if so
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
to pile up; to stack; to load (car, ship, etc.); to pack; to acquire; to accumulate
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm