to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to be defeated; to be beaten; to be unsuccessful; to lose
to polish up; to shine up
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
whole; all; general; gross; entire; overall
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
authority; expert; counter for messages, letters, notes, documents, etc.; understanding (esp. of male-female relations); tact; supernatural powers
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
learning; scholarship; study; study of ...; -ology; -ics
rank; place (e.g. first place); decimal place; counter for ghosts
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
adds force or indicates command
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
mostly; ordinarily; probably; most; almost all; ordinary
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
head; lead; vanguard; first
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
several; a number of; quantity; amount; counting; figures; number
myself; yourself; I; me; you
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do