to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to be defeated; to be beaten; to be unsuccessful; to lose
to polish up; to shine up
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
I; me; you; (arch.) manservant
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
whole; total; gross; entire; overall; general (election, manager, etc.)
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
authority; expert; counter for messages, letters, notes, documents, etc.; understanding (esp. of male-female relations); tact; supernatural powers
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
clapper; noisemaker; bird rattle; naruko; wooden clapper (held in both hands and shaken)
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
learning; scholarship; study; study of ...; -ology; -ics
rank; place (e.g. first place); decimal place; counter for ghosts
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what kind of; what sort of; what
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
senior (at school, work, etc.); superior; elder; older person; predecessor
mostly; ordinarily; probably; most; almost all; ordinary
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
head (of a line, group, etc.); front; lead; forefront; vanguard
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
several; a few; number; quantity; counting; calculation; number
myself; yourself; I; me; you
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.