indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
inter-scholastic athletics competition
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in that way; thus; so; so?
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; means of transportation
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
two persons; two people; pair; couple
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
impregnable castle; inner castle citadel; golden castle (nickname for Nagoya Castle)