indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
impregnable castle; inner castle citadel; golden castle (nickname for Nagoya Castle)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
goal; basket (basketball); finishing line; Gaul
inter-scholastic athletics competition
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
kilo-; 1000; kilogram; kilogramme; kilometre; kilometer
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
root (of a plant); root (of a tooth, hair, etc.); center (of a pimple, etc.); root (of all evil, etc.); source; one's true nature
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
educational institution; school; academy; campus
overall victory; championship
whole; all; general; gross; entire; overall