indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
inter-scholastic athletics competition
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
goal; basket (basketball); finishing line; Gaul
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
now; the present time; just now; another; more
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to pull out; to draw out; to omit; to leave out; to do to the end; to carry through; to let out (e.g. air from a tyre)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; means of transportation
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)