already; now; no longer; not any more
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
will not do; do not; does not
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to come off; to be removed; to disappear (of pain, a fever, etc.); to be caught; to be harvested; to be interpreted (as); to be taken (as)
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to transcribe; to duplicate; to describe; to film; to picture
body; oneself; one's place; one's position; main part; meat (as opposed to bone, skin, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
shield; buckler; escutcheon; pretext
spelling; orthography; patching; binding
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to defend against; to protect against; to prevent; to avert; to avoid
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
sword (esp. Japanese single-edged); katana; scalpel; chisel; burin; knife money (knife-shaped commodity money used in ancient China)
interval; distance; suitable time; appropriate opportunity; distance between opponents (kendo)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to put into written form; to communicate or express by writing; to chronicle
unrelated; irrelevant; unconcerned; unconnected
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to wound; to injure; to hurt someone's feelings (pride, etc.); to damage; to chip
to serve (in a bowl, on a plate, etc.); to dish out; to pile up; to heap up; to administer (medicine, poison); to dose out; to put into (e.g. information in a report, meaning in a statement)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to mind; to care about; to be an issue; to matter; to keep company; to care for; to interfere with
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
to turn away (one's eyes, face, etc.); to avert; to displease; to annoy; to miss (the target, ball, etc.)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
obi; kimono sash; paper wrapper on books, CDs, etc.; band; belt; cingulum
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the front; honesty; uprightness; decency; normality
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to kill (a human) using a blade (sword, machete, knife, etc.); to slice (off); to lop (off); to cut (off)
slip; omission; upshot; denouement; punch line (of a joke)