indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
(the) negative (e.g. pole); yin (in Chinese divination); hidden place; unseen part
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
sense; idea; desire; concern; attention; care
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
underground; below the ground; world of the dead; the grave; underground (activities, movement, etc.); secret
article for sale at auction; lot
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
safe; strongbox; cashbox; depository; cash office; treasury
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
adds force or indicates command
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
class (of students); group (of people); party; lot; bunch; crime family; organized-crime syndicate