indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
player (of a sport); athlete; team member
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
match; game; bout; contest
whip; lash; scourge; stick; cane; rod
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
storey; story; stairs; stage (in chronostratigraphy); counter for storeys and floors of a building
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
how; in what way; how about
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!